| | Topography for LSM | |  |
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The optional Topography for LSM software package handles the extraction, processing, presentation and measurement of height information of 3D surface topographies and 2D surface profiles. Together with the LSM 5 PASCAL configured for materials analysis, this software makes up a very efficient system for fast, non-contact optical microprofilometry.
The same topography software with the identical range of functions is available for (materials) applications of the LSM 510. The software is interactive and fully integrated with the user interface. With its clearly arranged controls it can be mastered easily by intuitive learning and does not require profound software literacy. | |
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| TOPO-Extraction:
The topography of a surface can be computed from the three-dimensional image stack by means of two algorithms:
- Determination of the intensity maximum
- Determination of the center of gravity of intensity for low reflecting and nearly transparent samples
- Determination of the first/last layer for multilayer systems
Prior to surface computation it is possible to set two intensity thresholds which suppress exceptionally weak (noise) or strong intensity levels. | | |
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| TOPO-Processing:
Median filters and smoothing filters (Gaussian low-pass, average low-pass) are available for filtering in the spatial domain. High- and lowpass filtering is also available in the frequency domain together with the required cut-off frequencies. An inversion function allows the inversion and measurement of, e.g., hole structures. Inclined sample segments can be horizontalized automatically or manually - simply by mouse shift. | | |
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| TOPO-Display:
2D projection (top view):
- Black-and-white presentation of the intensity maxima*
- Color-coded height projection with color bar*
- Black-and-white presentation of the height gradient
(1st derivative)
*These presentations can be overlaid with lines of equal height. The height interval between these iso-lines can be varied. | | |
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 | 2D color-coded height projection of a silver texture with color bar and height contours spaced 1 祄
 Click on the image to view enlarged |
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| 3D Animations can be performed in any 3D Display mode as:
- a rotation around z-axes
- a set between a starting and final orientation
- along a user-defined track in space
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| 3D display:
- Profile presentation
- Wirenet presentation
- Black-and-white presentation
- Color presentation with freely definable lookup tables (LUTs)
- Surface rendering
- Surface rendering combined with colored LUT
The Surface Rendering menu allows you to realistically simulate a complete illumination scenario of the samples, with parameters such as type and distance of light source, illuminating angles (azimuth & elongation), and with material properties such as color or gloss; furthermore it is possible to enhance shallow features of common orientation. Perspective and zoom can be varied for best effect. | | |
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Zooming into a microhardness test indentation
(Surface rendering with strong perspective) | | |
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| 2D profile display:
In 2D projection, profile sections can be made in any orientation. In 3D presentation, either X or Y profiles can be derived.
TOPO-Measurements:
- Geometric parameters in 2D profiles: Length, height, slope angle, radius of curvature, circumference, area
- Statistical parameters of height distribution: Skewness, curtosis
- Roughness parameters of 2D profiles: Arithmetic mean deviation, Root-mean-square deviation, Absolute peak-to-valley value, Maximum peak-to-valley value, Average peak-to-valley value
- Roughness parameters of 3D surfaces: Arithmetic mean deviation, Root-mean-square deviation, Absolute peak-to-valley value, Maximum peak-to-valley value, Average peak-to-valley value
- Statistical parameters of gradient distribution: Root-mean-square deviation
- Parameters in 3D presentation: Height, bearing ratio, volumes, Developed surface area ratio (degree of ruggedness), absolute surface area
- Bearing area ratio curve
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 | 3D screenshot of an inverted microhardness test indentation, with volume measurement and profile section
Click on the image to view enlarged |
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Surface rendering of a ceramic surface, with determination of 3D roughness parameters | | |
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| TOPO-Import/Export:
- Import: LSM3 and LSM4 raw data, tif, bmp, pcx, gif, jpeg, ...
- Export of images: tif, bmp, pcx, gif, psd, jpeg, ...
- Export of animations: avi, QuickTime
- Export of measured parameters
- Export profiles as text files
- Export of complete topographies as text files (matrix or xyz-triplet)
TOPO-Annotation:
- Printpreview with edit functions
- Multiprint function
- Show processing parameter in single display window
- Show percentage of valid data points
TOPO-Reproducability:
- saving and loading topographic parameter files (*.tpg) in addidion to reuse of acquisition parameters
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