Histology

Histology, a crucial discipline within pathology, involves the meticulous microscopic examination of tissue morphology to discern disease manifestations. The process begins with the collection of tissue specimens, typically post-surgery, biopsy, or autopsy. Immediate fixation in a neutral buffered formalin for 24 to 48 hours is essential to prevent autolysis and putrefaction, maintaining the integrity of cellular structures.
Following fixation, tissues undergo trimming, dehydration with increasing alcohol concentrations, and clearing with organic solvents like xylene. The cleared specimens are then infiltrated and embedded in paraffin wax, supporting the preparation of micron-thin slices with a microtome. These slices are transferred to glass slides, stained predominantly using hematoxylin and eosin (HE) for contrast enhancement, making detailed tissue structures visible and easier for evaluation. Specific immunohistochemical stains, such as HER2 or Ki-67, are utilized as needed for deeper analysis.
Histopathologists require microscopes that deliver crystal-clear, color-accurate images to effectively diagnose conditions, including carcinomas and tumors. Advanced microscopy techniques such as fluorescence and immunofluorescence are indispensable for detailed tissue evaluation. Automated digital slide scanners and class-leading optics not only facilitate high-throughput screening but also ensure precise archiving of data, crucial for ongoing research and diagnostic purposes. This robust methodology underscores the significance of cutting-edge optical technology in revolutionizing histological examinations, enhancing diagnostic accuracy, and thereby improving patient outcomes in clinical settings.